Thesis About English Proficiency Among Bshrm Students free essay sample

The scientists likewise needed toâ thank their familyâ who propelled ,empowered and completely upheld for each preliminary that comes in their manner . In giving them money related ,yet ethically and profoundly . To their groupâ matesâ who enthusiastically helped assemble theâ necessaryâ data’s andâ informationâ neededâ forâ thisâ compilation. The scientists alsoâ wantedâ to express theirâ gratitude to all the peopleâ who have given their heart whelming fullsupportâ inâ makingâ thisâ compilationâ aâ magnificentâ experienceâ . For being neighborly, an exceptional gratitude to the Staff and Administrator of National Library. Their thanks must go additionally to the Librarians and Faculty staff who give them a full help for making their postulation. To God the dad of all ,they thank for the quality that keep them standingâ and forâ the hopeâ thatâ keepâ themâ believing thatâ thisâ wouldâ be possibleâ andâ moreâ interesting. At exactly that point can he/she be certain that the learning experience is charming, pertinent and sensible to the student. Since English is a lot of a piece of the scholarly and public activity of most Filipinos, It assumes a significant job corresponding to all school exercises s well as to life outside the school. It is in the vein that the English language is as yet a mechanism of guidance in the current Philippine instructive framework ordered in article XIV sec. 07 of the 1987 constitution. As the country’s second language, the importance of acing aptitudes in English is plainly perceived by the educational system. English Proficiency is viewed as one of the pointers of a student’s achievement. A capable English speaker and essayist have a significant device that open him a tremendous storage facility of information and openings that he reveals between fronts of any printed medium and discussions. Instructors and even pioneers are frightened by the appearing retrogression of the adolescent and understudies in the learning of the language. Numerous instructors regret or bewail the failure of their understudies to convey successfully in English. Teachers and even heads are worried about the negative mood killer occasions. Since formal training is the best vehicle for language learning, it isn't shockingly why the school is the simple suspect for the issue. On the off chance that learning happens in the school, as in reality it does, at that point English guidance ought to be improved. Numerous elements could be refered to for the disintegration of English in the nation assuming a large portion of the fault is school. Correspondence Arts in English is one of the center subjects in school. However, for all its significance, English instructors have been played an extraordinary number obstructions in their endeavor to make a perfect informative learning circumstance in the study hall. English, as a subsequent language, requires a decent arrangement of acing before it very well may be utilized enough by the understudy. This recommends teacher’s guardians and school authorities ought to know about the student’s qualities and shortcomings in order to keep away from exercises that may end up being obstacle in language learning in the study hall. The ID of the qualities and shortcomings just as issues and lacks comprises one of the essential elements of the educative procedure. It considers the target assessment of learning gains just as the recognizable proof of answers were challenges or snags are available. It observes that training gauges must be smoothed out and raised. One method of doing this is through the improvement of language aptitudes utilizing present structures of the understudies Language. It becomes basic in this way that the two abilities and inadequacies, in English be recognized toward a perspective on revising them. Collarly to this, the specialist accepts that the factors which bear a relationship to the capability in English should be examined and dissected and consequently, must be recognized to reinforce their belongings. The capacity to peruse and grasp English makes immense measures of Philippine history and legacy, alongside East Asian and world history, available to Filipinos. Continually advancing English, as a methods for provisional laborers to secure positions abroad or in household call focuses, sustains a pioneer mindset and debases a significant scholastic order. English ought to be viewed principally as an instructive device which upgrades an understudies or the overall populations information on the Philippines, develops national scholarly capacities and enhances national culture and personality. Books in English likewise open up tremendous supplies of aggregate human nowledge with respect to world history, science, religion, political hypothesis, writing and expressions of the human experience. Works initially written in English or converted into present day English in the course of the most recent a few centuries make up the biggest archive of printed data. In spite of the wonders of the Internet, I despite everything think perusing full-length printed books is the most ideal approach to retain complex data. Put in a couple of hours in a library or in any of the new book shops opening in the shopping centers around Manila and you will be encircled by a mind-boggling number of captivating distributions for all ages and all interests. There are shown books and magazines extending in point from craftsmanship to design, science to life story, cooking to wrongdoing, erotica, the earth, money, fiction, cultivating, reasoning, sports, travel unendingly. This wonder of large, full help book shop chains, many associated with worldwide distributers, is blooming in Singapore, Bangkok and Hong Kong and in upscale shopping centers far and wide. For harder to discover or no longer in production books simply click Amazon or ABE books on the Internet and search by title, writer or subject. On the off chance that the Philippines loses its school level English language aptitudes, which is by all accounts occurring at present, it will lose access to quite its very own bit indigenous history and national memory. Some parochial patriots contend this is okay with them; let the country assemble its future on a neighborhood Malay-based language, for example, Tagalog. What they disregard is that most of instructed Filipinos have been writing in English or have been converted into English from Spanish for well longer than a century. In spite of the way that numerous Filipinos were accounted for to be educated in different vernaculars at the hour of the Spanish triumph in 1565 there is for all intents and purposes no proof of a significant ordinance of work written in local Filipino dialects. In the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth hundreds of years there were travel records of the Philippines in Spanish, French and English, voluminous reports to Spain by authorities and monks, and Spanish word references of Filipino dialects phonetically explained in the Roman letters in order. Numerous Filipinos were composing articulately in Spanish in the nineteenth century †Jose Rizal, Pedro Paterno, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo H. Del Pilar, ApolinarioMabini, and different pioneers of the Philippine Revolution and Wenceslao E. Retana, the extraordinary bibliographer. During the main long stretches of American control of the nation, American researchers interpreted a huge number of Spanish books and archives into English and included an enormous measures of new sociological, social and logical data in their extensive reports. Emma Blair and James A.Robertsons 55 volume, commented on set of Philippine chronicled material is an exceptional case of the American commitment to composed documentation. By the 1920s and onwards Filipinos, for example, Maximo M. Kalaw, Claro M. Recto, Manuel Quezon, CamiloOsias and Rafael Palma were writing in both Spanish and English. After the Second World War, significant Filipino authors composed generally in English, including National Artists for Literature Nick Joaquin, F. Sionil Jose and Bien Lumbrera. Political scholars like Renato Constantino and prominent student of history O. D.Corpuz, Resil B. Mojares, additionally pick English. These are only a couple of the recognized Filipino masterminds and scholars who composed practically the entirety of their work in Spanish and later in English. Today the vast larger part of Filipino essayists, history specialists, researchers and writers are working on the whole in English. English is a lot of a vital part of the Philippines national bequest. Lamentably for the enthusiastic patriots, the sheer common sense of attempting to get a college alum level training in the humanities exclusively in Filipino isn't possible. Youngsters in underdeveloped nations, particularly on account of the Philippines, can scorn the genuine investigation of unknown dialects for the sake of national sway however unexpectedly they will wind up relinquishing their very own enormous bit national memory and individual legacy. A country that overlooks its past character and spot in world history is poorly arranged for the unavoidable difficulties of future frontier pressures. Mainstream society flooding the Philippines from other Asian nations is as shallow as anything Hollywood produced during the 1950s. The genuine deduction showing up here from our East Asian neighbors is practically all as books distributed in English in Tokyo, Hong Kong and Singapore. Filipino territorial dialects and their many spoken tongues are lovely and profoundly expressive of nearby societies and the cutting edge Philippine country. They speak to old and current oral and composed customs which catch the best subtleties of the Filipino character and the Filipino world. Be that as it may, as is valid in all pieces of the world, nearby dialects are vanishing or being hybridized at a quickly expanding rate. Much is being done to attempt to record and spare these phonetic customs however the misfortune is an inescapable consequence of rapid, electronic, worldwide correspondence. The constructive side of this marvel is that more prominent and more noteworthy quantities of individuals over the globe are currently ready to speak with one another in the staying universal dialects and can share gigantic measures of information and data, put away in the aggregate libraries and ar

Elsinore in ashes. (theater in former Yugoslavia) Essay Example For Students

Elsinore in remains. (theater in previous Yugoslavia) Essay Each age, Jan Kott contends in his fundamental work Shakespeare Our Contemporary, ought to have its own Hamlet. For Kott and his age, that Hamlet was a figure of the mid-century, a Hamlet in strife with Stalinism. Indeed, various conditions and various societies existing in the equivalent recorded period on two inverse sides of the world may have profoundly extraordinary social, creative and social convictions and necessities this specifica differentiae is a pivotal determinant of what makes a given exhibition contemporary and pertinent to a given network. So one methodologies with amazement and disarray the occasions and the venue in that piece of the world once known as Yugoslavia. Confronted each day with stunning pictures of death, decimation and fierceness from that area of the Balkans, one may well ask: Who is or who could be a Hamlet for our time in such a showy space? Or on the other hand: Where is Hamlet today in that condition destroyed, burned to the ground, assaulted, ethnically scrubbed and cleansed? Or on the other hand: Amid such butcher, is Hamlet conceivable by any means? I would answer that Hamlet is absurd there, and won't be conceivable there for quite a while. This is the reason. For a long time in the previous Yugloslavia, Hamlet tried his contemporaneity and legitimacy in the breathtaking medieval Castle of Lovrjenac in Dubrovnik. For huge numbers of us who made performance center there, Lovrjenac that old building where, in hundreds of years passed by, free spirits who stood up against the imperious leaders of Dubrovnik had been detained was, and still is, the most alluring dramatic space on the planet. That enchantment fortress, as one pundit depicted Lovrjenac, has been changed into lanes and squares, into dance halls and massage parlors, into priests cells and dull memorial parks with no sort of landscape. For over 50 years, innumerable theater specialists from everywhere throughout the world inventively changed Lovrjenac into the home of a contemporary Hamlet his Elsinore. That was previously. Today, a uninterested world watches other pitiful and appalling scenes in the shadow of Lovrjenacs dividers. Dubrovniks Elsinore is abandoned. Rather than seagulls and pigeons, dark feathered creatures bearing passing circle its towers. Here time is out of joint, respectable Hamlet is toppled, his auditorium is dead, his kin are double-crossed, his nation is crushed. Lovrjenac is today the most honest similitude for a troubled nation that once got the opportunity to be a guide to the universe of ethnic assorted variety, multicultural conjunction and mix. There was something spoiled in that condition of lost dreams: more bad government officials than genuine craftsmen, more bad dads of countries than genuine nationalists. These feeble ideologists and agitators have assumed control over the people groups hearts and minds and turned the wheel of history in reverse to boorishness; lecturing blood and soil, they have released national fanaticism and dread, franticness and contempt, blood and remains. In this way the theater specialists who once made Hamlet alive and conceivable in Lovrjenac were denied of their Elsinore. The individuals who have touched their skin on that enchantment manor stone, who have climbed its 193 stages two times every day for a considerable length of time to introduce the possibility of opportunity in different dialects on its stage, who have interlaced their assorted thoughts, societies and gifts into execution, are not there any longer. They are either estranged abroad in their own ethnic surroundings or they are criminals in the interminable Western archipelago of minimal presence. There are no solid on-screen characters left, one may state, in that crumbled and divided space to act before the national dads, the usurping rulers who like not the parody. The auditorium is ousted from these little and self-secluded islands of primitivism, and there is nobody to introduce the play about the affectation and brutality of the rulers, about their oppression and tyranny. There is nobody in dust-secured Lovrjenac to show these animals the mirror wherein to see their highlights. For these narcissists, who might want each creative deed to celebrate their national eliteness and their own significance, theater is a fallen angels craftsmanship that must be cleansed from the network alongside all that isn't ethnically unadulterated, not our own. .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 , .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 .postImageUrl , .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 , .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6:hover , .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6:visited , .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6:active { border:0!important; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6:active , .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6:hover { darkness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content embellishment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u87682cf23 833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u87682cf23833daddcc8c470ec28eedf6:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Cuba libre EssaySo in the solid directorial hands of the mother countries uber-executives, theater and life have changed spots. While the performance center is underestimated, life is theatricalized to the most extreme. Pushed forward on that brutal stage, new on-screen characters wearing full metal coats play out their Danse Macabre in the antiquated Balkan palace. Elsinore is left to Fortinbras crowd, his rundown of uncivilized resolutes, consumers and lowlifes, killers and looters who have made this piece of the world into a Balkan lager lobby possessing an aroma like perspiration and pee. With respect to Ophelia in that male-ruled condition, Ophelia is only a thing. These new on-screen characters have exchanged Elsinores opportunity for a fistful of untruths. The château over whose principle entryway is wtitten, Freedom isn't available to be purchased, in any event, for all the gold on the earth is in control of ignorants and uneducated people. On their street to our ethnically unadulterated country cleared by graves, they have changed Hamlets home (which isn't tomb enough and landmass to shroud the killed) into a perpetual field of ruin and gloom. In some better future under the heaps of stones, copied fragile living creature and remains, a few youngsters will maybe find Yoricks skull. Furthermore, maybe they will be distressed by his theater ailment and his reverence of opportunity. Maybe.

3 Essential Books for Writing the Personal Statement

3 Essential Books for Writing the Personal Statement 3 Essential Books for Writing the Personal Statement 3 Essential Books for Writing the Personal Statement Wooooooooo! Spriiiiiiinnnnnggg breeeaaak! That’s probably what your heart is saying. We, at College Essay Advisors, would like to encourage you to listen to your head just this once (normally we think you should listen to your stomach). While it’s important to recharge your batteries over spring break, it’s also a great time to start visiting colleges and learning more about the admissions process in general. That’s why we’ve handpicked three eye-opening books that you could easily read over spring break. They all offer unique and invaluable insights that will completely change the way you think about the college essay and about writing in general. 1. The Elements of Style,  E.B. White and William Strunk, Jr. We know what you’re thinking. “A grammar book? Who even reads this?!” But it’s a classic for anyone who wants to brush up on the rules of standard American usage. Plus, it’s super short and you’ll know exactly where to look for answers to your trickiest syntax questions. 2. On Writing the College Application Essay,  Harry Bauld This is the definitive book on the college essay â€" and believe it or not it’s actually a really entertaining read. Even though it was written in the 80s (literally before you were born) it offers amazing advice that is still applicable today. It’s also a great companion read for College Essay Academy, and will help you reinforce what you learn from each video lesson. 3. On Writing,  Stephen King Yes! You get to read a Stephen King book where no one gets murdered or haunted. Even though the book generally describes King’s approach to fiction, the writer of some of the world’s most riveting stories has some amazing advice about storytelling. (And some bold opinions on adverbs.) He also shares details about his life and personal anecdotes that might just inspire you in your own personal writing. BONUS pick for parents: Where You Go Is Not Who You’ll Be,  Frank Bruni Are you already freaking out? Don’t. Frank Bruni’s honest take on the value of a college education sheds new light on this stress-filled and high-pressure topic. You will be fine. You all will. About Thea HogarthView all posts by Thea Hogarth » Ready to get started? Give College Essay Academy a Try. WATCH CHAPTER 1 FOR FREE »

I Am An Amazing Multitasker - 1597 Words

Aldous Huxley once said â€Å"After silence that which comes nearest to expressing the inexpressible is music.†, but what if all you can hear is silence? There are six billion people on this planet, and seventy million of them can’t hear a single note. Just because you can’t hear anything doesn’t mean you can’t share in the universal language that is music. People who have impaired hearing are just as capable as learning music as your average hearing person. â€Å"Hong Kong university of China discovered that not only does the regimen of learning to read and play music increase the rate of learning new vocabulary, but it results in a permanent increase in the learning rate.† Learning how to make music is a very fun, but very challenging thing to†¦show more content†¦He ran a band program whose ensemble member were all deaf. He ran this program at the Illinois School for the Deaf from 1923-1942. He brought his ensemble on tour with him around the United States of America. A great Cornet soloist, Boumehim Kryl, called the group â€Å"Exceptional quality of the music, not only from the stand point of the musicians not being able to hear, but also the fact they were such a young age.† The New York school for the deaf intergraded five hearing impaired students in to a beginning band program in Edgemont, New York. The Teachers of this program said â€Å"Requirements for learning an instrument are similar for both hearing, and hearing impaired children: good teaching, consistent practice, and positive support.† These educators took in these children, and looked past what they can’t do, and focused on what they could. The Teachers would use modified techniques to teach pitch recognition and technique through visual cues. Even after all of the evidence that impaired hearing students can successfully make music so may directors refuse to let them participate. Students with a hearing Disability are usually referred as Deaf or Hard of hearing. The definition of being deaf according to Dictionary.com is â€Å"partially or wholly lacking or deprived of the sense of hearing; unable to hear.† So it can be seen why people would raise an eyebrow about using deaf, and musician in the same sentence. Deaf students have been known to maintaining a steady beat

Essay on The Jungle - 586 Words

The Jungle In Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle not only symbolized an era where dirt and filth ran rampant in meat packing industry, but it also exposed people to the natural human desire of greed, power, and corruptions. This in turn was a socialist transformation itself. Sinclair also provides the meaning to the phrase â€Å"wage slavery† in different ways. In the novel Sinclair tells a story about a man name Jurgis, a Lithuanian immigrant who gets married to young lady named Ona Lukoszaite, who’s also a Lithuanian immigrant. At the wedding there are saloon-keepers who cheats the family on liquor and beer, claiming that the guests consumed more than they actually did. Since the family had enough sense not to argue with†¦show more content†¦Marija, family member of Jurgis gets paid almost two dollars a day. His job is to sweep the guts through trap doors on the floor of the â€Å"killing beds† where cattle were slaughtered . If a worker is one min late, he loses and hour’s pay, twenty minutes late he loses his job. The basic goal of Socialism are â€Å"common ownership and democratic management of the means of producing the necessities of life.† Jurgis receives half of his wage and the rest of the money goes to capitalists. Jurgis and his family came to the America’s to find a better wa y of living and gave into the false myth that America is the land of the free and opportunity. He and his family thought that hard work and commitment to good social values will win them success. Sinclair writes this to show the betrayal of American society. Jurgis responded to this situation by saying â€Å"I will work harder†. He persuaded the American people that many regarded with suspicion and hostility. Sinclair makes readers sympathize with their social values by emphasizing the fact that theyShow MoreRelated The Jungle1075 Words   |  5 Pages The Jungle Essay nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Jungle, by Upton Sinclair, clearly depicts the socio-economic strife and political turpitude that ushered America into the 20th century. While telling the story of Lithuanian immigrants struggling to survive in Chicago, Sinclair illustrates how avarice and ruthless competition were driving forces in the exploitational predatory capitalist  ³jungle ² of American  ³society ² at the turn of the century. This radical novel, described as muckraking by PresidentRead MoreThe Jungle1982 Words   |  8 PagesRunning Head: THE JUNGLE The Jungle [Writer Name] [Institute Name] The Jungle Thesis Statement In this novel Upton Sinclair shows the problems of working class people. His believe in and contempt for capitalism as described in this story â€Å"The Jungle†. The writer explains capitalism in which the labor communities were treated very badly and to survive in the conditions of poverty. The novel rotates around the family of a character Jurgis Rudkus who have immigrated to America from Lithuania. AsRead MoreThe Jungle Analysis1641 Words   |  7 PagesCorruption, lies, adultery, politics, and death are all topics addressed in Upton Sinclair’s 1906 novel The Jungle. The book reveals the atrocities that occurred during the early 1900’s in Chicago’s cruel and disgusting meatpacking district. The Jungle chronicles the struggle of a Lithuanian family that came to America with dreams of making their riches and passing it on to their descendants. Analysis of the novel reveals a recurring theme of how desperation makes people do horrible things such asRead More The Jungle Essay774 Words   |  4 Pages The Jungle by Upton Sinclair Upton Sinclairs The Jungle is the tale of a Lithuanian immigrant, Jurgis Rudkus, and his family. Jurgis and his family move to the United States in the middle of the Industrial Revolution, only to find themselves ill-equipped for the transition in the workplace and in society in general. Jurgis faces countless social injustices, and through a series of such interactions, the theme of the book is revealed: the support of socialism over capitalism as an economic andRead MoreEssay On The Jungle Of Mystery751 Words   |  4 PagesDrew Meyer Taler’s Adventure Once upon a time, there was a tiger named Taler who lived in the Jungle of Mystery. The Jungle of Mystery has flowers of many colors. Taler really liked the blue flowers that grew alongside the cliff. That cliff looked over the waterfall. Her sister, Tara, said, â€Å"Now Taler, do not go near that cliff.† Taler heard what her sister said, but she did it anyway, and everyday Taler would get closer and closer to the edge of the cliff. â€Å"Now Taler, do not go near that cliffRead MoreThe Irony of the Jungle1510 Words   |  7 PagesThe Irony of The Jungle Between 1870 and 1900 Chicago grew from a population of 299,000 to almost 1.7 million, the fastest-growing city ever at the time. This surge in population was largely attributed to immigrants coming from European countries seeking a chance for employment and new freedoms associated with moving to the United States at the time. 1905, in particular, was a historic year when a surge of over 1 million immigrants came to the city. During this time, author Upton SinclairRead MoreDisillusionment In The Jungle1399 Words   |  6 PagesIn the politically righteous book, The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, a newly wed’s feeling of innocence and happiness after their beautiful wedding in their homeland come to an end following the reality of discovering their new life in America. The notion comes from the disillusionment of American freedom and the twisted advertisement of a capitalist system. America was systematically built to be corrupt and dehumanized the significance of individual existence. This was done by easily replacing, deceivingRead MoreThe Jungle Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe Jungle Throughout Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, the inhumane and disgusting treatment the working men and women was shown to the eyes of the American people. Although what the book is most recognized for is creating the Pure Food and Drug Act, an act that gave consumers protection from dangerous and impure foods, the many various horrors the lower working class had to go through was something that deserved more recognition. Upton Sinclair’s novel, The Jungle, gives an insight on howRead More the jungle Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesSinclair found the setting of the book that would bring him to fame. He first won recognition by the jungle in 1906. This book is a powerful realistic study of social conditions in the stockyards and packing plants of Chicago. It aided in the passing of pure food laws. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This novel illustrates how greed and ruthless competition has made the turn of the century into a ruthless jungle. â€Å"Take or be Taken† was the guiding rule, and everyone was someone else’s prey. The meatpackingRead More The Jungle Essay478 Words   |  2 Pages The Jungle By: Upton Sinclair The story opens with the feast at Jurgis and Ona’s wedding in America, but soon flashes back to the time before they left Lithuania. Jurgis met Ona at a horse fair, and fell in love with her. Unfortunately, they were too poor to have a wedding, since Ona’s father just died. In the hopes of finding freedom and fortune, they left for America, bringing many members of Ona’s family with them. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;During time in America, Jurgis and his wife

Managing Change Exercises Free Essays

Redesign Roles The process of redesigning roles among business organizations actually aim to make it possible for business staffs to gather ways by which they are able to extend their skills, their capabilities of completing their jobs as members of the organization. The major aim is to actually serve the company right through equalizing the ways by which the staffs are given their chance of differentiating their environment with that of the others. This then would naturally hold the employees strongly capable of shifting their capabilities of completing their jobs with the organization. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Change Exercises or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shifting their responsibilities actually open the employees to new wave of tasks that actually enhance their skills as individuals as well as assets of the organization. The aim of shifting their responsibilities and roles in the organization actually aims to help them get over the effects of work boredom. 2- Redesign Reward System Everyone has the right to have a chance to enjoy company rewards. It is essential however that the required standards for such rewards be shifted every now and then to allow others have a chance to enjoy the benefits of the said rewards according to their capabilities as individual workers of the company. Shifting the different requirements for the said rewards is a certain step up for the organization’s way of motivating their people. 3- Act Consistently with Advocated Action Without the administration’s wise judgment of the situations that they are supposed to deal with, it is undeniable that the decision making process within the organization would weaken thus making it harder for the business company to progress as a group of asset staff members within the industry that they are involved with. Moreover, the lack of advocated action on the part of the administration would cause the entire organization to fail within the plans that they themselves have set to complete. Most likely, failure is the result of the major plans that they are to suspend as part of the organization’s progress. 4- Encourage â€Å"Voluntary Acts of Initiative† Encouragement is one of the key reasons why people stay at the jobs that they are working at. Primarily, people feel that they are special or are worthy of the company if they are able to understand the fact that they are given the right attention by their employers through encouraging them to be their best at doing the tasks that they are particularly appointed to complete. Failure to do so would naturally cause the organization’s failure in terms of boosting its staff’s morale in performing well at their jobs. It is necessary that a company’s administration be able to adjust its priorities so as to be able to set the encouragement that they think is needed by the staff. No matter how diverse the people within the organization maybe, the effective strategies of the administration in posting the plans for encouragement could actually boost the morale not only of the individuals but of the entire organization as well. EXERCISE 12.4 â€Å"Reflection on Your Experience of Change: Profile of Yourself 1. Repeat this list 2. Rate yourself in regard to each action. The actions that have been mentioned within these activities are of high importance to the author as he views hem as primary foundations of organizational success. As for personal evaluation, the application if the two factors of management as mentioned herein has a good rating on the part of the author’s self-evaluation, whereas, the second phase of management which includes the two other factors of management is where the author rates quite lower than the accepted average rating. This is because of the fact that the author might have actually intended to boost the moral of the employees as individuals thus forgetting the fact that they have to be motivated as part of the entire organization’s work force. 3. Which are the actions that you have identified as most in need of attention (those you rated poor or very poor)? Through the personal evaluation that the author of this paper has done, he has primarily observed that the factors on advocated actions and the voluntary acts of initiative are the ones that require immediate action on the part of the organization that the author is currently involved with. This is because of the fact that the people who are working within the organization that he is involved with are not given much attention as they are not given fine options of actually being involved within the plans of the entire group. Hence, as a result, they are less motivated to perform at their best in the job-tasks that they are appointed with as part of the company. Consequently, the author of this paper aims to encourage the organization in actually giving importance to the said factors of business procedures. 4. Where possible, discuss your ratings with others in the group/class. Are any particular actions most commonly nominated as needing attention? What could be done to develop your capacity in this regard? The factor that commonly requires action within the group is that of the Voluntary Acts of Initiative. It has been observed through the evaluation that the said factor of management is less likely given attention to by the administration as the people intend to be directed by the administration than that of actually serving as part of the company in a voluntary manner. The idea is that less people are able to take consideration of their actions as well as to how these acts particularly affect that of the organizations that they are currently working for. The assets and the major foundations of the organization lie stable within the capabilities of the organization’s employees to work well, as well as voluntarily for the sake of their organization’s success. True, with the self-pursuing attitude of the workers as the administration of the organization itself work well with them, the organization could stand tall in progress, thus continuously advancing in terms of prosperous profit gains and performance level upgrade on the part of the employees. References: Paul D. Houston , Stephen L. Sokolow. (2006). The Spiritual Dimension of Leadership: 8 Key Principles to Leading More Effectively. Corwin Press. Peter G. Northouse. (2006). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Sage Publications, Inc; 4 edition. Sage Publications, Inc; 4 edition. ISBN-10: 141294161X. Stephen R. Covey. (2004). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People. Free Press; 15 Anv edition. ISBN-10: 0743269519. Lynne Joy McFarland. (2001). 21st Century Leadership: Dialogues With 100 Top Leaders. The Leadership Press; Reissue edition. ISBN-10: 0963601806. Bolman, L.G. Deal, T.E. (2003) Reframing Organizations: Artistry, Choice and Leadership, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Mark Williams. (2001). The 10 Lenses: Your Guide to Living Working in a Multicultural World (Capital Ideas for Business Personal Development). Capital Books. How to cite Managing Change Exercises, Essay examples

The Beatles Essays (1034 words) - Counterculture Of The 1960s

The Beatles The Beatles The Beatles started out in the British city, Liverpool where music was a way of life for many people. The Beatles were preceded by a John Lennon fronted band called the Quarry men. The group invited a 15 year old boy named Paul McCartney to see them perform a show. The then 16 year old John Lennon took to McCartney, that's when a unique and amazing song writing partnership began. The Quarry Men ended up falling apart at the seams. John Lennon and Paul McCartney kept in touch and eventually asked George Harrison to join they're group, tentatively named the Silver Beatles. The band talked a friend of theirs, Stuart Sutcliff, into buying a bass guitar, and added Pete Best on drums. They began getting recognition around Liverpool. That was around that time that Brian Epstein heard them playing and proposed that he assume position of their manager. The Beatles agreed and Epstein quickly arranged for them to go to Hamburg, Germany to play the local music clubs. While in Germany the band me t Ringo Star, who later officially joined the band, taking over for Pete Best. When the band was to return to England, Stuart decide that he wanted to stay in Germany with the girl he had met and fallen in love with there. So Paul picked up the bass guitar, they dropped the Silver from their name, and the Fab Four, as we came to know them, was ready for success. The Beatles were now ready to record their first album. Epstein introduced the band to the man sometimes referred to as the 5th Beatle, George Martin. Martin went on to produce all but one of the Beatles albums. Love me Do was their first record, released in October 1962. It did jump into the British Top 20 briefly but never really succeeded. It was the second song ?Please Please me? released in early 1963 which made them #1. The single topped the British charts for 30 weeks, an unheard of feat in the UK music market. They're second album is what really put them over the top in terms of popularity. In 1963 with the release of ?With the Beatles?, the band found success in both the UK and US, with the single ?I wanna hold your hand?. In February the Band visited the US to play on the Ed Sullivan show. Many people consider the Ed Sullivan show appearance to be the coming out party for the Beatles especially in America. For many it was their first glimpse of the fab four. There was much hype even before the broadcast. It was a time in America when Elvis had lost his edge, Ricky Valines, and the Big Bopper were killed, also the beloved president, John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The Beatles promised something new and fresh and had an attitude people liked. Anthony Corbett, a noted English psychologist praised the Beatles as having provided ?a desperately needed release for the inhibitions that exist in all of us?. Whatever it was, the Beatles had something the people needed because like so many bands of today their success didn't end there. Next, the Beatles made their first movie, ?A Hard Days Night?. Followed by extensive touring, and dominance of the billboard charts. Then their second movie ?Help? was released to sell out box offices across the world. Fredric Lewis of a London newspaper examined the sociological implications of Beatle-Mania and said ?they are working class and their roots and their attitude are firmly in the north of England. They are part of a strong-flowing reaction against the soft, middleclass south of England, which has controlled popular culture for so long? He added ?Because of their success, they can act as spokesman for the new, noisy, anti-establishment generation which is become a force in British life?. One can assume then, that people were ready for a change. The Beatles were one band that could offer change. With forthcoming albums ,such as ?Revolver?, ?Rubber Soul?, and ?Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band?, the Beatles proved that change was a very good thing. ?Sgt. Peppers? was considered the first concept album(songs unified by a common theme). No longer singing just dopey

10 Facts About Adolf Hitler

10 Facts About Adolf Hitler Among the world leaders of the 20th century, Adolf Hitler is the most notorious. The founder of the Nazi Party, Hitler is responsible for starting  World War II and unleashing the genocide of the Holocaust. Although he killed himself in the waning days of the war, his historical legacy continues to reverberate in the 21st century. Learn more about Adolf Hitlers life and times with these 10 facts. A Surprising Artistic Dream Throughout his youth, Adolf Hitler dreamed of becoming an artist. He applied in 1907 and again the following year to the Vienna Academy of Art but was denied admission both times. At the end of 1908, his mother, Klara Hitler died of breast cancer, and Adolf spent the next four years living on the streets of Vienna, selling postcards of his artwork to survive. Parents and Siblings Bettmann/Getty Images Despite being so readily identified with Germany, Adolf Hitler wasnt a German national by birth. He was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889, to Alois (1837–1903) and Klara Hitler (1860–1907). The union was Alois Hitlers third. During their marriage, Alois and Klara Hitler had five other children, but only their daughter  Paula (1896–1960) survived to adulthood. Soldier in World War I Hulton Archive/Getty Images As nationalism roiled Europe, Austria began conscripting young men into the military. To avoid being conscripted, Hitler moved to Munich, Germany, in May 1913. Ironically, he volunteered to serve in the German army once World War I began. During his four years of military service, Hitler never rose higher than the rank of corporal, though he was decorated twice for valor. Hitler sustained two major injuries during the war. The first occurred at the Battle of the Somme in October 1916 when he was wounded by shrapnel and spent two months in the hospital. Two years later, on Oct. 13, 1918, a British mustard gas attack caused Hitler to go temporarily blind. He spent the remainder of the war recuperating from his injuries. Political Roots Like many on the losing side of World War I, Hitler was furious at Germanys capitulation and the harsh penalties that the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war, imposed. Returning to Munich, he joined the German Workers Party, a small right-wing political organization with anti-Semitic leanings. Hitler soon became the partys leader, created a 25-point platform for the party, and established the  swastika  as the partys symbol. In 1920, the partys name was changed to National Socialist German Workers Party, commonly known as the  Nazi Party. Over the next several years, Hitler often gave public speeches that gained him attention, followers, and financial support. An Attempted Coup Motivated by the success of Benito Mussolinis seizing power in Italy in 1922, Hitler and other Nazi leaders plotted their own coup in a Munich beer hall. In the overnight hours of Nov. 8 and 9, 1923, Hitler led a group of about 2,000 Nazis into downtown Munich in a putsch, an attempt to overthrow the regional government. Violence broke out when police confronted and fired upon the marchers, killing 16 Nazis. The coup, which came to be known as the Beer Hall Putsch, was a failure, and Hitler fled. Apprehended two days later, Hitler was tried and sentenced to five years in prison for treason. While behind bars, he wrote his autobiography, Mein Kampf  (My Struggle). In the book, he articulated many of the anti-Semitic and nationalist philosophies he would later make policy as German leader. Hitler was released from prison after only nine months, determined to build up the Nazi Party in order to take over the German government using legal means. The Nazis Seize Power German President Paul von Hindenburg (left) in a car with Nazi leader and Chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler in Berlin, 1st May 1933. Culture Club/Getty Images Even while Hitler was in prison, the Nazi Party continued to participate in local and national elections, slowly consolidating power throughout the rest of the 1920s. By 1932, the German economy was reeling from the Great Depression, and the ruling government proved unable to quell the political and social extremism that roiled much of the nation. In the July 1932 elections, just months after Hitler became a German citizen (thus making him eligible to hold office), the Nazi Party obtained 37.3 percent of the vote in national elections, giving it a majority in the Reichstag, Germanys parliament. On Jan. 30, 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor. Hitler, the Dictator On Feb. 27, 1933, the Reichstag burned under mysterious circumstances. Hitler used the fire as an excuse to suspend many basic civil and political rights and to consolidate his political power. When  German President  Paul von Hindenburg  died in office on Aug. 2, 1934,  Hitler took the title of fà ¼hrer and Reichskanzler (leader and Reich Chancellor), assuming dictatorial control over the government.   Hitler set about rapidly rebuilding Germanys military, in clear defiance of the  Versailles Treaty. At the same time, the Nazi government began swiftly cracking down on political dissent and enacting an ever-harsher series of laws disenfranchising Jews, gays, the disabled, and others that would culminate in the Holocaust. In March 1938, demanding more land for the German people, Hitler annexed Austria (called the Anschluss) without firing a single shot. Not satisfied, Hitler agitated further, eventually annexing Czechoslovakias western provinces. World War II Begins Adolf Hitler plans military strategy at the German Army Headquarters, circa 1940. Keystone/Getty Images Emboldened by his territorial gain and new alliances with Italy and Japan, Hitler turned his eyes east to Poland. On Sept. 1, 1939, Germany invaded, quickly overrunning Polish defenses and occupying the western half of the nation. Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany, having pledged to defend Poland. The Soviet Union, having signed a secret nonaggression treaty with Hitler, occupied eastern Poland. World War II  had begun, but the real fighting was months away. On April 9, 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway; the following month, the Nazi war machine crossed through Holland and Belgium, attacking France and sending British troops fleeing back to the U.K. By the following summer, the Germans seemed unstoppable, having invaded North Africa, Yugoslavia, and Greece. But Hitler, hungry for more, made what would eventually be his fatal mistake. On June 22, Nazi troops attacked the Soviet Union, determined to dominate Europe. The War Turns The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941, drew the U.S. into the world war, and Hitler responded by declaring war on America. For the next two years, the Allied nations of the U.S., the U.S.S.R., Britain, and the French Resistance struggled to contain the German military. Not until the D-Day invasion of June 6, 1944, did the tide truly turn, and the Allies began to squeeze Germany from both east and west. The Nazi regime was slowly crumbling from without and within. On July 20, 1944, Hitler barely survived an assassination attempt, called the July Plot, led by one of his top military officers. Over the following months, Hitler assumed more direct control over German war strategy, but he was doomed to failure. The Final Days In his last official photo, Adolf Hitler leaves the safety of his bunker to award decorations to members of Hitler Youth. Keystone Features/Getty Images   As Soviet troops neared the outskirts of Berlin in the waning days of April 1945, Hitler and his top commanders barricaded themselves in an underground bunker to await their fates. On April 29, 1945, Hitler married his long-time mistress, Eva Braun, and the following day, they  committed suicide together  as Russian troops approached the center of Berlin. Their bodies were burned on grounds near the bunker, and the surviving Nazi leaders either killed themselves or fled. Two days later, on May 2, Germany surrendered.

Centromere Location and Chromosome Separation

Centromere Location and Chromosome Separation A centromere is a region on a chromosome that joins sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are double-stranded, replicated chromosomes that form during cell division. The primary function of the centromere is to serve as a place of attachment for spindle fibers  during cell division. The spindle apparatus elongates cells and separates chromosomes  to ensure that each new daughter cell has the correct number of chromosomes at the completion of mitosis and meiosis. The DNA in the centromere region of a chromosome is composed of tightly packed chromatin known as heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is very condensed and is therefore not transcribed. Due to its heterochromatin composition, the centromere region stains more darkly with dyes than the other regions of a chromosome. Key Takeaways Centromeres are regions on a chromosome that join sister chromatids whose primary function is for the attachment of spindle fibers in cell division.While centromeres are typically located in the central area of a chromosome, they can also be located near the mid-region or at a number of different positions on the chromosome.Specialized zones on centromeres called kinetochores attach the chromosomes to spindle fibers in prophase in mitosis.Kinetochores have protein complexes that generate kinetochore fibers. These fibers help to orient and separate chromosomes during cell division.In meiosis, in metaphase I, the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are oriented toward opposite cell poles while in meiosis II, spindle fibers extending from both cell poles attach to sister chromatids at their centromeres. Centromere Location A centromere is not always located in the central area of a chromosome. A chromosome is comprised of a short arm region (p arm) and a long arm region (q arm) that are connected by a centromere region. Centromeres may be located near the mid-region of a chromosome or at a number of positions along the chromosome. ​ Metacentric centromeres are located near the chromosome center.Submetacentric centromeres are non-centrally located so that one arm is longer than the other.Acrocentric centromeres are located near the end of a chromosome.Telocentric centromeres are found at the end or telomere region of a chromosome. The position of the centromere is readily observable in a human karyotype of homologous chromosomes. Chromosome 1 is an example of a metacentric centromere, chromosome 5 is an example of a submetacentric centromere, and chromosome 13 is an example of an acrocentric centromere. Chromosome Segregation in Mitosis Prior to the start of mitosis, the cell enters a stage known as interphase where it replicates its DNA in preparation for cell division. Sister chromatids are formed that are joined at their centromeres.In prophase of mitosis, specialized regions on centromeres called kinetochores attach chromosomes to spindle polar fibers. Kinetochores are composed of a number of protein complexes that generate kinetochore fibers, which attach to spindle fibers. These fibers help to manipulate and separate chromosomes during cell division.During metaphase, chromosomes are held at the metaphase plate by the equal forces of the polar fibers pushing on the centromeres.During anaphase, paired centromeres in each distinct chromosome begin to move apart as daughter chromosomes are pulled centromere first toward opposite ends of the cell.During telophase, newly formed nuclei enclose separated daughter chromosomes. After cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm), two distinct daughter cells are formed. Chromosome Segregation in Meiosis In meiosis, a cell goes through two stages of the dividing process. These stages are meiosis I and meiosis II. During metaphase I, the centromeres of homologous chromosomes are oriented toward opposite cell poles. This means that homologous chromosomes will attach at their centromere regions to spindle fibers extending from only one of the two cell poles.When spindle fibers shorten during anaphase I, homologous chromosomes are pulled toward opposite cell poles but sister chromatids remain together.In meiosis II, spindle fibers extending from both cell poles attach to sister chromatids at their centromeres. Sister chromatids are separated in anaphase II when spindle fibers pull them toward opposite poles. Meiosis results in the division, separation, and distribution of chromosomes among four new daughter cells. Each cell is haploid, containing only half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Centromere Anomalies Centromeres play an important role by participating in the separation process for chromosomes. Their structure however, can make them possible sites for chromosome rearrangements. Keeping the integrity of centromeres intact is thus an important job for the cell. Centromere anomalies have been linked to various diseases like cancer.

From Isolationism to Interventionism. America's evolution Essay

From Isolationism to Interventionism. America's evolution - Essay Example These guiding principles defended their homeland borders and remained self-sufficient and unconcerned with the rest of the world. The policies changed to interventionism, which was founded on the principle of directly intervening in the affairs of other nations. The change was because of the American’s perception of the most decent and had the proper way of living, governing and hence it would take measures to guide other nations towards the same direction. Initially, the nation was largely non-interventionist state, which preferred to focus on domestic affairs and pay attention to economic policies abroad. The change occurred after the Cold World War when America was forced to storm into the war when Japanese pilots bombed the naval base at Pearl Harbor in December 1941. This changed the United States to an interventionist state. The idea of communism and the threat of Soviet Union influenced every foreign policy adopted by the U.S. A recovery program that was passed by Congr ess in 1948 sent relief funds into Western Europe and this created an influx of business in America. America later worked towards freeing nations referred to as the third world. They started practicing a policy of self-determination, not seeking conquest or economic control but instead instilling governments that were friendly. The United States through the United Nations intervened into the war between the communist government of Korea and the Republic of Korea since they saw that the Republic of Korea needed help to avoid being overrun. This war finally settled in 1953 and the borers were restored exactly as they were before the war broke. The conflict in Vietnam began in 1945 when the Vietminh declared Vietnam self-governing from France. The United States though had promised to accept the results of the elections, which were conducted in 1956 to unite the two separate nations under one democratically elected official later in 1956. They ignored it and provided weapons and trainin g for the friend faction in Vietnam and sent CIA Operatives to destabilize the Vietminh clandestinely. During the 1950s, the US government had supported a change in control of Cuba when Fidel Castro led the supporting revolution. After Castro came into power, he severed all ties with the United States and became more open about his socialist leanings. Later, the United States funded and trained troops that led a coup attempt to wrest control from Castro, which failed. John Blight said that the relation between Castro’s government and America was indirectly responsible for the alliance between Cuba and the USSR. President Harry S Truman (1945 to 1952) set before Congress his domino theory, which showed that if one pertinent nation fell into communism, it would drag all its neighbors. This led to the Truman Doctrine in 1947, which contributed to demolishment of communism (Patrick 111). Truman laid out is Point IV Program in 1949 which intended to give technical aid to third wor ld nations and also aided formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization which intended to counter the Soviet threat in Western Europe. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was in power between 1952 and 1960. He propagated the interventionist policies where in 1953 he used the CIA to stage coups and overthrow unfriendly governments in Iran and Guatemala. He helped to form the Southeast Asia Theory Organization after the fall of Vietnam from French control to Vietminh control in 1954. He acknowledged that there were background events and people involved in various aspects of American Interventionism. It became necessary to review the interventionism and look at different sides to debate. One of the issues was that getting involved

Principles of Financial Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Principles of Financial Investment - Essay Example The effects of these agency problems create agency costs that work against the benefit of all stakeholders as well as for the company. This write up identifies those agency problems, its agency costs, and enumerate the ways to mitigate the agency costs in order to provide maximization of wealth of stakeholders as well as for the benefit of management and the company itself. Definition of agency problem The nature of conduct of business in respect of proprietorships, partnerships, and cooperative societies is that those are owner- managed organizations. But in case of companies the share holders, who are the owners of the companies, are not involved in the management of the affairs of the company. The management of the company is conducted by board of directors. Directors may or may not be professionally trained but they have little or no stake in the ownership of the firm. It is true that there are certain compelling reasons for separation of ownership and management, but a separate structure leading to conduct of management through the agency of board of directors leads to conflict of interest between managers (agents) and the shareholders, who are owners of the company. Therefore the agency problems emerge from this separation of ownership and control. ... â€Å"This pattern of widely held corporate ownership resulted in what came to be known as separation of ownership from control. More recently, the economists have called this as an agency problem or principal- agent problem. The managers of the company are entrusted with the responsibility to make company as profitable and valuable as possible for the benefit of owners. However, the owners (principles) may have difficulty in ensuring that the managers (agents) actually carry out this responsibility.† (Robert Edward Anderson, page 49)i Ownership is concerned with maximization of wealth of shareholders. Therefore owners are always ready to critically assess the actions of the management (agents) so that their slackness anywhere is pointed out so deficiencies are rectified in effort to enhance the wealth. Accordingly enhancement of wealth is possible by making an assessment or sort of observance of the actions of the management. The key factors that are judged in management†™s performance are the composition and independence of board members, transparency of their actions, their outside reporting, observance of accounting standards, and adherence of strategic objective of enhancement of shareholders wealth. This monitoring or observance lead to difference of opinion with reference to strategic objectives of the corporation and give rise to agency problems in the corporate sector of management. Basically agency problems have two aspects. First aspect is the situation where it is not possible for the principal to verify the appropriateness of the actions of the agent. This generally is the case when goals or objective differ and create difficulties to verify what agent is doing. The second aspect of the agency problem is

Nurse-led Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunisation

Nurse-led Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunisation Respiratory syncyital virus in pre-term babies. Setting up a nurse led clinic to give Synagis (immunisation) with implications for nursing practice. From the neonatal nurses view point. Introduction The respiratory syncytial virus is identified as a labile paramyxovirus which produces a histologically characteristic effect of causing fusion of human cells in tissue culture – hence the term â€Å"syncytial†. It is commonly sub-classified into types A and B. The B strain is generally asymptomatic in the majority of the population whereas the A subtype tends to produce the more severe illnesses which tend to predominate in the majority of clinically significant outbreaks (Bar-on ME et al 1996). It has an incubation period of 4-6 days and the infection typically lasts from 7-14 days, but does occasionally last up to three weeks. If it becomes necessary to hospitalise a child with respiratory syncytial virus infection, the admission period is typically 5-7 days.(Hentschel J et al 2005) Contagion in the form of virus shedding is its highest levels during days 2-4 of the illness but the active viral particles will continue to be shed for up to 14 days after the clinical onset of symptoms. The respiratory syncytial virus is known to affect both upper and lower respiratory tracts although the most clinically significant manifestations arise in lower respiratory tract infections, bronchiolitis and pneumonia being perhaps the most significant. Bronchiolitis is a particularly severe illness in the pre-term infant by virtue of the fact that it causes very significant small airways obstruction. (Sigurs N et al 1995) The respiratory syncytial virus is currently the commonest identified cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children under the age of three world-wide. Serological studies have identified that, at least in the UK, that virtually all children will have had at least one episode of infection by the age of three. In the infant and neonate age groups, it is currently the numerically largest cause of both pneumonia and bronchiolitis (Krilov L R et al 1997), and is also thought to play a role (as yet not fully understood), in the aetiology of both asthma and chronic obstructive airways disease.(Pullan C R et al 1998) For those patients who have concurrent immunodeficiency states it is a very significant cause of both morbidity and mortality (Long C E et al 1995) Clinical presentation In our considerations here we shall confine our discussion to those clinical manifestations common in the neonatal group and accept that the comments made do not necessarily apply to those older children and adults who may also contract the virus. The respiratory syncytial virus is currently the commonest cause of pneumonia in young children with the greatest preponderance in the under three age range. (Jeng M-J et al 1997) The initial phases of an infection are generally characterised by symptoms of a transient upper respiratory tract infection such as runny nose, watery eyes and mild pyrexia. This typically progresses to produce symptoms of cough, wheeze (although this may be absent in the neonate), high pyrexia, dyspnoea, central cyanosis – characterised by a bluish tinge to the skin, lips and fingernails, increased respiratory rate and occasionally visible utilisation of the accessory muscles of respiration and sub-costal retraction, all of which indicate lower respiratory tract involvement. (Brunell P A 1997). In severe cases it can progress to the point of respiratory failure. In the context of our discussion here, these developments can be extremely dangerous in the pre-term infant who has significantly smaller airways than older children or adults, and also less in the way of respiratory reserve, so that any embarrassment of the respiratory function is of proportionally greater clinical significance. (Graham S M et al 2002) Particular risk factors for a severe bout of the disease are: Prematurity Young age (especially those less than six weeks old) Pre-existing heart conditions (congenital malformations) Pre-existing lung conditions (bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cystic fibrosis ) Immune system malfunction Low socio-economic status and especially those who live in Overcrowded housing conditions Passive exposure to cigarette smoke Day care or childcare attendance Presence of older children in the same household Lack of innate immunity from failure to breast feed. (after Thompson et al. 2003) Mode of infection After each bout of infection the body develops a degree of immunity to the virus. This is less of a factor in the neonate, whose immune system has not developed to the same degree as in the older child. In the pre-term infant , the immune response is (in practical terms) almost non-existent. In any event the immunity is never complete as the virus is capable of subtle mutations of its protein coat which allows it to partially evade the immune system. Re-infections are common but they do tend to be less severe than the original attack. (Panicar J, et al 2004) The mode of spread is through droplet spread and from direct contact with infected nasal or oral fluids. It can enter the body most easily through the epithelial surfaces of the eyes and nose. Epidimiology The respiratory syncytial virus produces characteristic patterns of infection which are epidemics of up to five months duration. They typically occur in the winter months and records show (since 1990) that they typically begin in the time span between October to mid-December with a marked peak in January and February. In the UK, the respiratory syncytial virus is responsible for about 125,000 episodes of hospitalisation (Leader S et al 2002).and about 2,500 deaths (NCHS 2002). These factors are of particular importance in our considerations when we are considering the timing of any protection programme. These figures translate into the fact that 20% of all hospital admissions for lower respiratory tract infections are due to respiratory syncytial virus infections, and if looked at as an annual incidence rate, admission for respiratory syncytial virus infection is currently 28.3 per 1,000 infants and 1.3 per 1,000 for children under the age of 4 years. (Muller-Pebody B et al 2002) The highest rate of clinically significant infection occurs at ages between 2 and 6 months with a significant peak in the 2-3 month age range. Respiratory syncytial virus is typically brought into the home by an older (school age) child who then passes it onto the younger child in the family. In child care and crà ¨che facilities it is quite common to observe 100% infection rates in both children and staff. On a practical note, respiratory syncytial virus infection has also been seen to spread throughout a hospital environment infecting patients and staff alike. (Shay, D K et al 2001), We shall specifically consider the implications of vaccination later in this essay, but there are other issues of prevention that require examination. We have already discussed the mode of common infection through the respiratory and ocular epithelial surfaces. It follows that there are certain measures which, while not eradicating the possibility of spread, will certainly help to reduce it. In the home environment, it is sensible to frequently wash hands after coming into contact with nasal or oral secretions and before handling a young child. Frequent handwashing will reduce the risk of contamination by direct spread. School age children should be kept as separate as practically possible from a neonate if they have symptoms of a â€Å"cold†. Sneezing into a handkerchief will also help to reduce the possibility of droplet transmission. In its droplet form, the virus will live on household surfaces for many hours and is therefore still capable of transmission. In terms of the work of the neonatal community nurse, such patient education should be seen both as part of an empowerment and education programme every bit as much as a prophylactic measure for the neonate. (Hogston, R et al 2002). In the more controlled environment of a hospital, it is possible to institute barrier measures if there is significant risk such as the immuno-compromised patient or the child at risk with congenital heart disease. Frequent pre-touching hand washing is essential to help prevent cross transmission (Ng D K et al 2000). Specific preventative treatments Palivizumab ( or Synagis – Trade name) is a medication that is commonly given to infants at highest risk of complications of respiratory syncytial virus infection, for example those who were born prematurely or those with chronic heart and lung disease. It is given by monthly injection through the at-risk winter months and provides significant levels of protection. This protection however, is comparatively short lived and has to be repeated on a yearly basis until the child is judged to be no longer at high risk of significant sequelae of infection. (PPTI 2005). It is also extremely expensive. (see on). Palivizumab is the first of what may become a series, of monoclonal antibodies, which have been developed to specifically target and combat one specific infection. Its current indications include prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease caused specifically by the respiratory syncytial virus. There are currently a number of papers that have studied its safety and efficacy in a number of situations such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), infants with a history of premature birth (≠¤35 weeks gestational age), and children with hemodynamically significant CHD. (Meissner H C et al 1999), Technically it is a humanised monoclonal antibody of IgG1k type which is produced by recombinant DNA methods. It targets an A antigenic site of the F-protein covering of the virus. It is primarily derived from human antibody sequences and has two light and two heavy chains with a molecular weight of about 148,000 Daltons. The viability of nurse-led respiratory syncytial virus immunisation programme. >From the literature and the evidence that we have presented so far we can point to the fact that the respiratory syncytial virus is a significant risk to neonates, especially those who have significant risk factors for the development of lower respiratory tract complications. (Berwick D 2005) Although we specifically have not considered treatment in this essay, we should note that, in the context of a discussion on the role of prophylaxis, that the treatments available for neonate infection with respiratory syncytial virus are severely limited. In the words of Jon Friedland, an eminent professor of infectious diseases in London: Treating respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis remains a good example of therapeutic nihilism — nothing works except oxygen. Adrenaline, bronchodilators, steroids, and ribavirin all confer no real benefit. (quoted in Handforth J et al 2004) If we accept that this is the case and we also accept the significant morbidity and mortality rates quoted earlier in this essay, then it clearly makes sense to consider the role of prophylaxis in respiratory syncytial virus infections. It clearly therefore also makes sense to consider what active measures can be taken in order to try to reduce the possibility of infection or prevent the damaging and serious sequelae of infection. Sadly, this is far from straightforward. One could reasonably hope that a immunologically based vaccine would have been developed to help with this problem. Despite the fact that the first formalin inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine was developed over forty years ago, progress in this field appears to have been painfully slow. Recently published literature on the subject of the effect of vaccines against respiratory syncytial virus found that there was no significant benefit conferred in terms of preventing either the infection or the complications. (Simoes E A et al 2001). We should note that this was not a small study but a meta-analysis of five major studies on the subject and therefore has considerable weight if we are considering an evidence base for our findings. (Green J et al 1998). If we accept the premise that a successful respiratory syncytial virus vaccine should be able to prevent severe lower respiratory tract disease and the morbidity consequent upon it, and should also ideally protect against both A and B strains of the virus, we would also have to postulate that it would have to be given directly after birth in order to prevent immediate primary infection form the environment. In general terms, this presents the nub of the problem as neonates have very poorly developed immune response mechanisms and the bulk of their immunity is passively derived form the trans-placental maternal antibody production and the immunoglobulins present in the maternal milk. (Kim H W et al 1969). Active immunisation in very early life proves to be fruitless, as the immature neonatal immune system cannot generally produce either an adequate T-cell response or effective antibody levels. It is also the case that the maternal antibodies themselves, also interfere with the infant’s ability to mount an antibody response of its own. (Clements M L et al 1996) In order to combat these problems there are a number of immunological strategies currently under investigation. One strategy is to vaccinate the mother during the third trimester in order to try to boost the naturally occurring antibodies and thereby increase the natural passive immunity. This is unlikely to give significant immunity beyond the first six weeks of birth unless the child is breast fed, in which case the immunity would last for longer (see below). It would however, have the advantage of protecting the most vulnerable individuals at a critical time. Initial trials of this method using a purified F protein subunit vaccine was found to be safe in a trial of 35 third trimester vaccinations. (Munoz FM et al 2003). The trial showed a disappointing, but detectable, response and the infants had increased IgG against respiratory syncytial virus up until 9 months of age. Clearly this strategy would be ineffective against children born with a significant degree of prematurity and who therefore, are at greatest risk A second approach was tried with live attenuated genetically modified vaccine. This approach was found to work in adults and older children but could not be sufficiently attenuated to produce a safe and sufficient response in neonates. (Piedra P A 2003). The third approach was to try live recombinant viral vectors which expressed respiratory syncytial virus proteins. Thus far, the results have been disappointing both in terms of immunogenicity and there are also safety concerns with iatrogenic oncogene activation. (Haller A A et al 2003) In terms of our potential nurse run clinic, all of these options have very significant drawbacks and none are therefore likely to represent a realistic immunisation option. Clarke (S J et al 2000) suggest that although huge strides have been taken with a number of vaccine products – especially the live attenuated vaccines, it will probably be a minimum of another decade before routine effective vaccination becomes widely available. It is perhaps because of this failure to present a solution of a vaccine that has caused researchers to examine other avenues of investigation for workable prophylactics. A line of investigation into passive immunity with IV hyperimmune globulins against respiratory syncytial virus has shown positive results in initial trials against preventing severe forms of respiratory complications in high risk children (Groothuis J R et al 1999). This particular formulation can only be given intravenously and therefore is of limited use outside of a hospital environment. It is clearly of no use in a community setting. The other line of passive immunity has developed into the intramuscular form of IgG humanised monoclonal antibody described above (palivizumab). Clinical trials already published have already shown that monthly injections of palivizumab in high risk infants have been able to reduce the hospital admissions for respiratory syncytial virus-related disease by more than 50% (IRSVSG 1998). This was a well designed double-blind placebo controlled randomised study and, in addition to apparently demonstrating its efficacy, it also showed an impressive safety record. This particular formulation appears to have a very good side-effect profile and clinical experience appears to confirm the initial trial results. Given the fact that respiratory syncytial virus places a heavy financial and economic burden on the NHS, a 50 % reduction in these levels is quite substantial. Cost-effectiveness is clearly a major question in any consideration of a national vaccination programme and studies elsewhere in Europe, (Roeckl-Wiedmann I et al 2003) have called into question the costings and have therefore also called into question the need for further evaluation. These considerations are given further credence if we consider the fact that if we take as a marker the number of hospital laboratory reports of respiratory syncytial virus, there appears to be a marked downward trend in the UK between 1990 and 2003. (Fleming D M et al 2003). It may be that there are other active factors here such as changes in clinical or laboratory practice, but it would appear to reflect a definite downward trend. This comment is actually given further credence when one considers the epidemiological data from the primary health care sources which also show a fall in acute respiratory infections over the same period. (Neuzil K M et al 2000) Passive immunisation is currently considered to be the best option in terms of providing immunity in the community although many authorities consider that it is currently only an option for the high risk infant. In the terms of our consideration here for a nurse run immunisation clinic, we should consider a set of guidelines, (that were actually produced in the USA), which could be adopted as they are based on the current best evidence available. (AAP 2003) The guidelines suggest that passive immunisation (palivizumab ) should be currently considered for premature infants born at less than 32-35 weeks gestation or for infants younger than 2 years with chronic lung disease. Although this is clearly a rational view, we have to note that it is based upon American statistics and American costings and is applicable primarily to American culture. It does not imply that the recommendations are necessarily transferable to the UK situation. The NHS has been more cautious. The current NHS guidelines were considered and formulated by the joint committee on vaccination and immunisation of the Department of Health. (JCVI 2002). Their report notes that: Palivizumab seems safe, well tolerated, and effective in reducing admissions to hospital, but it remains very expensive, at a cost of around  £2500 for five doses over the season for respiratory syncytial virus. In the UK, the statistics seem to suggest that readmission rates associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection-related bronchioliitis show that palivizumab is only cost effective if it is used in infants born prematurely with chronic lung disease and receiving oxygen at home (which is actually a very expensive undertaking in any event). (Feltes T F et al 2003). If this opinion is taken in conjunction with the suspicion that the rates of respiratory syncytial virus infection are actually falling, this will actually weight the cost-effectiveness argument further against the use of palivizumab. It is noted that a more recent study of palivizumab in infants who have congenital heart disease has been completed, but the information collected is insufficient in terms of readmission rates, morbidity and cost-benefit analysis, to allow a confident recommendation for use in this population. (Feltes T F et al 2003) The neonatal nurse’s viewpoint. In this essay we have considered much of the current literature on the subject of community immunisation for respiratory syncytial virus. There is little doubt that the virus represents a significant threat to a small proportion of neonates and a minor threat to the rest. (Crowe JE Jr 1995). It is also clear from the evidence that the prospect of active immunisation of the at risk groups has been aggressively pursued over a time scale of about four decades with very little in the way of positive practical results. In essence, this means that the only realistic prospect of giving the at-risk neonate a degree of protection against the respiratory syncytial virus, is by means of increasing the levels of passive immunity. We have considered the role of the only viable therapeutic agent in this area (palivizumab), and have come to the conclusion that the evidence base for its use is sound if it is given on a monthly basis through the winter months when the at risk populations are at greatest risk of significant morbidity, and indeed mortality. Against this statement we have to weight the cost-effectiveness of what is a very expensive agent. (Handforth J et al 2000). The neonatal community nurse therefore finds herself ideally placed to act as the gatekeeper in this role. By virtue of her position of having direct contact with each of the neonates in her community, she is probably the most optimally places member of the primary healthcare team to assess and oversee the administration of palivizumab to those at greatest risk. (Scally G et al 1998) The mechanics of the enterprise will inevitably vary from practice to practice, but the elements of any recall system will be an up to date age/sex register, a forward planning facility and good communications with the antenatal services so that prospective candidates can be assessed at the earliest opportunity. The multidisciplinary nature of the modern primary healthcare team is ideal for communication of this nature and the neonatal nurse should be able to optimally utilise the recall facilities of the practice in order to ensure maximal compliance once the decision to treat has been made. (Yura H et al 1998) On the positive side there is the fact that Nurse led clinics, in general terms, have been proven to work both effectively and efficiently in many other areas. On the negative side we have the practical situation that the current recommendations from the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation that the current evidence base supports the view that palivizumab should only be offered to babies in the Group I classification, which currently includes babies under the age of two years with severe chronic lung disease, on home oxygen during the RSV season. This represents about 500 babies a year nationally. Common sense would indicate that there is absolutely no practical rationale for setting up any form of clinic in primary care for this number of babies on a national basis. Even if this recommendation was extended to include those babies in Group II (those with chronic lung disease but not on home oxygen), this would only add another 1000 to the national total and again, clearly there would be absolutely no rationale for setting up a local clinic base for this type of work load. (Netten A et al. 2000) The Committee’s reasoning for offering palivizumab to the Group I babies was on the evidence that it would be likely to reduce hospitalisation by a factor of 40% and thereby be cost effective. The Committee also suggested that these guidelines should be reviewed if a more effective and cheaper vaccine became available. If we consider, for the sake of argument, that such a vaccine has become available and that it is both practical and National policy to set up such vaccination clinics, we can consider the leads given by papers that report experiences in other areas of childhood vaccination. Nesbitt (A et al. 1997) give a very informative overview of the practical difficulties involved in setting up a Hepatitis B vaccination clinic. They point to the problems of trying to reach the most vulnerable and potentially isolated individuals in the community and highlight the need for specific nurse initiated home visits to the persistent absentees to the clinic. (Nesbitt A et al. 1995) They also highlight the difficulties in trying to get a level of immunity in a population that is constantly turning over. It requires a very high degree of vigilance on the part of the nurse running the clinic to ensure that all new arrivals are incorporated into the recall system with complete efficiency and without delay. On a slightly tangential subject, the whole issue of the nurse-led clinic was reviewed and assessed for overall effectiveness and cost effectiveness by Raftery (J et al. 2005). This paper demonstrated, beyond doubt that nurse led clinics could be both effective and very cost effective. This particular paper looked at the role of the clinic in the prevention of heart disease in the adult population, which is clearly not directly applicable to our considerations here, but the important relevant considerations are that the autonomous nurse led clinic can work very effectively with auditable results that can demonstrate both positive health benefits and an efficient and cost-effective use of a nurse’s time. (Polsky D et al. 1997) One of the interesting points raised in this paper which was also directly transferable to a nurse led immunisation clinic was that the increased costs noted also included an element for increased prescribing for intercurrent morbidity that was discovered at the time of the assessment. This is a factor that is likely to be translated into increased costings for the vaccination clinic, as many mothers are likely to save up questions and minor degrees of pathology if they know that they are having an appointment with the practice nurse. (Lancaster T 2003). This may well be translated into increased prescribing costs. Taking a holistic view however, one would hope that these costs would not be incurred without good reason and therefore one could conclude that it would be for the greater good of the patient in the long run and therefore presumably justified. (Benger J R et al. 2005) Considering all of these issues one can see that the viability of the nurse led clinic, certainly in the areas of RSV vaccination, is totally dependant on the development of an effective and cheaper vaccine. At this point in time, the recommendations do not support the logistics of a nurse led clinic for palivizumab although it is clear that the neonatal nurse should be the prime source of the palivizumab vaccination, the numbers involved support the specific identification and targeting of the Group I babies. References AAP 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics. Respiratory syncytial virus. In: Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2003 Report of the committee on infectious diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003: 523-8. Bar-on ME, Zanga JR. 1996 Bronchiolitis. Prim Care. 1996;23:805-819. Benger J R, Hoskins R 2005 Nurse led care: Nurses are autonomous professionals delivering expert care BMJ 2005 330: 1084. Berwick D 2005 Broadening the view of evidence-based medicine Qual. Saf. Health Care, Oct 2005; 14: 315 316. Brunell PA. 1997 The respiratory season is upon us. Infectious Diseases in Children. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Inc; 1997;10(1):5. Clark SJ, Beresford MW, Subhedar NV, Shaw NJ. 2000 Respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants and the potential impact of prophylaxis in a United Kingdom cohort. Arch Dis Child 2000;83: 313-6 Clements ML, Makhene MK, Karron RA, Murphy BR, Steinhoff MC, Subbarao K, et al. 1996 Effective immunisation with live attenuated influenza A virus can be achieved in early infancy. J Infect Dis 1996;173: 44-51. Crowe JE Jr. 1995 Current approaches to the development of vaccines against disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza virus (PIV): a meeting report of the WHO Programme for Vaccine Development. Vaccine 1995;13: 415-21. Feltes TF, Cabalka AK, Meissner HC, Piazza FM, Carlin DA, Top FH, et al for the Cardiac Synagis Study Group.2003 Palivizumab reduces hospitalisation due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with haemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. J Pediatrics 2003;143: 532-40 Fleming DM, Ross AM, Cross KW, Kendall H. 2003 The reducing influence of respiratory tract infection and its relation to antibiotic prescribing. Br J Gen Pract 2003;53: 778-83. Graham SM, Gibb DM. 002 HIV disease and respiratory infection in children. Br Med Bull 2002;61: 133-50 Green J, Britten N. 1998 Qualitative research and evidence based medicine. BMJ 1998; 316: 1230-1233 Groothuis JR, Simoes EAE, Levin MJ, Hall CB, Long CE, Rodriguez WJ. 1999 Prophylactic administration of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin to high-risk infants and young children. N Engl J Med 1999;329: 1524-30 Haller AA, Mitiku M, Macphail M. 2003 Bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) expressing the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) attachment and fusion proteins protects hamsters from challenge with human PIV3 and RSV. J Gen Virol 2003;84(Pt 8): 2153-62 Handforth J, Friedland JS, Sharland M. 2000 Basic epidemiology and immunopathology of RSV in children. Paediatr Respir Rev 2000;1: 210-4 Handforth J, Mike Sharland, and Jon S Friedland 2004 Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants BMJ, May 2004; 328: 1026 – 1027 Hentschel J Berger T M Tschopp A et al 2005 Population-based study of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants in Switzerland. Eur J Pediatr 2005 May;164(5):292-7. Hogston, R. Simpson, P. M. (2002) Foundations in nursing practice 2nd Edition, London: Palgrave Macmillian. 2002 IRSVSG 1998 The Impact-RSV Study Group. Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. Pediatrics 1998;102: 531-7 Jeng M-J, Lemen RJ. 1997 Respiratory syncytial virus bronciolitis. Am Fam Physician. 1997;55:1139-1146. JCVI 2002 Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minutes of the meeting held on 1 November 2002. www.doh.gov.uk/jcvimins01nov02.htm (accessed 31.3.06) Kim HW, Canchola JG, Brandt CD, Pyles G, Chanock RM, Jensen K, et al. 1969 Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 1969;89: 422-34 Krilov LR, Mandel FS, Barone SR, Fagin JC and The Bronchiolitis Study Group. 1997 Follow-up of the children with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in 1986 and 1987: potential effect of ribavirin on long term pulmonary function. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997;16:273-6. Lancaster T. 2003 The benefits of nurse led secondary prevention clinics continued after 4 years. Evid Based Med 2003;8: 158 Leader S. Kohlhase K. 2002 Respiratory syncytial virus-coded pediatric h

Rampant Child Labor

â€Å"The children are the future of our nation.† This famous line of Dr. Jose Rizal has gained prominence especially among policy makers in their quest to develop and implement laws and programs that will propel the total development of a nation's millions of children. I personally agree with Rizal's vision since each child is a potential contributor in the improvement of society. A child may seem insignificant in determining the status or condition of a society, but collectively it is a major determinant in a society's progress. Unfortunately, in the Philippines, street children are victims of trafficking for illegal employment and prostitution. This is due to the poverty, hunger and abuse which a street child experiences at an early age. Street children become more susceptible to these illegal treatments because of the lack of education and awareness toward their society, environment and human rights. As a result, they tend to disregard education and start working at an early age to be able to help themselves as well as their family financially. Child labor is the illegal employment of children below the age of 15, where they are not directly under the sole responsibility of their parents or legal guardians. Furthermore, the child's work endangers their life, safety, health and morals or it hinders them from schooling. It also includes the situation of children below the age of 18 who are employed in hazardous occupations. In the 1997 Asian consultation on Child Labor, representatives of government and non-government organizations, as well as the child workers themselves tallied the most intolerable forms of child labor. These include the following: prostitution of children and similar work in the entertainment industry, children used as soldiers, mining and quarrying, construction work, deep-sea fishing, smuggling of illegal substances, scavenging and pyrotechnics. The negative impact of child labor often causes irreparable damage to the child's physical and psychological development. Children who start working at an early age most likely suffer from respiratory diseases, deaths, poor nutrition, physical health hazards, sexually transmitted disease and anti-social behavior. In addition, they tremendously reduce educational opportunities, which later leads to dropping-out and illiteracy. Since they have abandoned their educational responsibilities, it is difficult for them to stop working. Today, because of the increase in child labor, the basic minimum age of employment in the Philippines is contained in Republic Act 7658. The minimum age of employment for hazardous is contained in the Labor Code. These two laws are complemented by other national laws containing some provisions. Since 1988, the Government of the Philippines, in partnership with UNICEF among others, has established programs for child labor which seeks to abolish exploitative child labor and provide protection, healing and recovery for child workers. We, students who receive adequate education can help in reducing child labor through many means. We could teach young children about the value of education since they will understand us better because we are basically the same age. For instance, in child-to-child projects, we can try to build a child's self-esteem and self-worth. We could also help generate income for poor families and organizations. Furthermore, by simply taking care of our environment which includes households, school grounds, or our community, we are helping by giving children a healthier atmosphere for growing up. This would reduce sickness and reflect on our physical outlook. These are just some of the many simple ways wherein we could help street children uplift their living condition.

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